Scientists are on their way to developing an effective antidote for botulinum toxin - one of the world’s most feared biological weapons.
Defence experts say that just one gram of the poison can kill hundreds of thousands of people.
Several people each year fall victim to “botulism” from food poisoning, but the toxin is also used as Botox - injected into brows to relax wrinkles.
The US team’s findings appear in the Journal of Biological Chemistry.
With funding from the US government, researchers at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York, and the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Maryland, have broken through a barrier towards developing an effective antidote against the most potent form of the toxin.
The researchers have developed a protein that blocks the effects of the toxin by tricking it into not attacking cells in the body.
Biologist Subramanyam Swaminathan, who led the research, told BBC News: “We anticipate at least four to five years before this can be turned into an approved drug.”
The Clostridium botulinum bacterium produces seven different neurotoxins, which attach to proteins inside human nerve cells and blocks the chemicals they use to communicate with each another and with muscles. This can paralyse breathing muscles, which eventually suffocates the victim.
The new protein developed at the Brookhaven National Laboratory acts on the most powerful of these seven toxins, for which there is no medical treatment.
It behaves as a decoy to proteins in the nerve cells, which means that the toxin chooses not to attach itself to the nerve cells when it enters the body. This prevents paralysis.
“It is about 10 to 15 times better than the best one available so far,” said Subramanyam Swaminathan.
Vaccines for botulinum toxin already exist, designed to be administered before an attack, but this research could produce a drug that would work afterwards.
The US government has proposed increasing funding for research into defence against bioweapons such as botulinum to $9bn (£4.5bn; 5.8bn euros) in 2009. This is a rise of more than 5% on the previous year.
Although botulinum toxin has never been successfully used as a bioweapon, the Japanese terrorist cult, Aum Shinrikyo, tried three times between 1990 and 1995.
Also, in the run-up to the 1991 Gulf War, Iraq reportedly produced thousands of litres of the toxin.
A growing body of research suggests the environment may play a significant role in developing the degenerative disease
While the root causes of Parkinson’s disease are still largely unknown, a mounting body of evidence suggests toxins in our environment may be most responsible for its manifestation. A new study by a team of a researchers from Duke and the University of Miami has demonstrated that exposure to pesticides is a significant contributor. The study focused on family members who shared a predisposition to Parkinson’s and concluded that those who developed the disease were more likely to have been exposed to pesticides than their relatives.
Pesticides basically come in two flavors: organophosphates and organochlorides. Organochlorides (which were also the main ingredient in early nerve gasses like sarin) have largely disappeared since DDT was banned in the 1970s. Organophosphates stepped in to take their place because they degrade more quickly than the persistent organochlorides. The downside, however, is that organophosphates have a greater acute toxicity. Both compounds kill pests by disrupting their nervous system. In the eyes of the molecule, we are no different from a roundworm or a boll weevil.
Surprisingly, no correlation was found between drinking well water or living or working on a farm, which are two common indicators of exposure. And while the link between Parkinson’s and pesticides has been shown in previous studies, what this research illuminates is that genetic predisposition is not necessarily a marker for developing the disease. The next step: understanding the biological mechanisms for how pesticides bring Parkinson’s about.
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- Tags: Environment, Miami, Parkinson, Toxin
